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Market capitalization, often abbreviated to market cap, is a measurement of corporate size that refers to the current stock price times the number of outstanding shares. It denotes the total amount of funds used to finance a firm's balance sheet and is calculated as market capitalization plus debt (book or market value) plus preferred stock. Market capitalization is a function of the price of a firm's stock and may not accurately reflect intrinsic value. It is common for a firm's market capitalization to exceed "book value" (shareholders' equity) because market prices tend to increase at a quicker pace than earnings accumulate due to value placed on expected future growth.

Ben Graham Net Net Deep Value Stocks
How to Read Stock Tables
one year (52 weeks)
Ticker - This is the company's trading symbol - a unique combination of letters which identifies the stock. You may find some newspapers that list an abbreviation of the particular company's name instead of the ticker symbol.
Intangible Assets - Companies often own things of value that cannot be touched, felt, or seen. These consist of patents, trademarks, brand names, franchises, and economic goodwill (which is different than the accounting goodwill we've discussed.
Economic goodwill consists of the intangible advantages a company has over its competitors such as an excellent reputation, strategic location, business connections, etc.). They are normally given completely meaningless values.
Current Assets on the Balance Sheet - This is where companies list all of the stuff that can be converted into cash in a short period of time, usually a year or less. Because these assets are easily turned into cash, they are sometimes referred to as "liquid".
Shares outstanding - are common shares that have been authorized, issued, and purchased by investors. They have voting rights and represent ownership in the corporation by the person or institution that holds the shares. They should be distinguished from treasury shares, which is common stock held by the corporation.

http://www.ehow.com/how_4451380_understand-balance-sheet.html
http://www.ehow.com/how_4425011_calculate-pretax-income.html